Maternal deaths represent only a small fraction of the burden of maternal morbidity 8. In a 2009 article on maternal morbidity, the authors said, that generally, there is a distinction between a direct maternal death that is the result of a complication of the pregnancy, delivery, or management of the two, and an indirect maternal death, that is a pregnancyrelated death in a patient with a preexisting or. It is calculated by dividing the number of maternal deaths in a calendar year by the number of live births registered for the same period and is presented as a rate per 100,000 live births. Information and translations of maternal mortality in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Maternal morbidity or obstetric morbidity as defined above can lead in turn to death. Maternal death is officially defined by the world health organization 1992. This form must be completed for all deaths occurring in the hospital, including abortions and ectopic gestation related deaths, in pregnant women or within 42 days after termination of pregnancy irrespective of duration or site of pregnancy. The number of registered maternal deaths due to birth or pregnancyrelated complications per 100,000 registered live births.
Recommended guidelines for conducting and reporting. May 19, 2016 most maternal mortality occurs in the developing world. List of books and articles about maternal mortality. The estimated 2017 global mmr is 211 ui 199 to 243 this means. In 2015, an estimated 303,000 women died as a result of pregnancy and childbirthrelated complications who 2015a. Perinatal mortality tends to follow the same geographical pattern as maternal mortality. For example, efforts to address or treat postpartum hemorrhage and infection at. Maternal mortality in the united states, 1935 to 2007. Pdf a maternal death is defined by the world health organization as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of.
Most of the reported maternal deaths were from facilities 80%, while. Introduction to the analysis of maternal mortality tools. Geographic disparities in maternal mortality during 20032007, the maternal mortality rate varied. Maternal death audit as a tool reducing maternal mortality. Definition of each variable is contained in the data dictionary.
Factors that increase maternal death can be direct or indirect. Definitions the consequences of maternal morbidity and. Definition of maternal mortality in the definitions. Evaluatin h alit ar o ever regnanc omplication the who nearmiss approach for maternal health 5 1. Interventions to reduce maternal and newborn morbidity and. More evidence briefs on sexual and reproductive health and rights. Definitions of maternal mortality population research institute. Who guidance for measuring maternal mortality from a census maternal mortality as a global health issue has gained increased recognition over the past two decades, due to its inclusion as a key target indicator in a number of international conferences, such as the 1990 world summit for children, the 1994 international conference on population. The maternal mortality rate indicates the likelihood of a pregnant woman dying of maternal causes. They are the maternal mortality ratio mmr, the target for mdg5, and the maternal mortality rate here abbreviated as mmrate. Mar 07, 2020 the top leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity include hemorrhage, infection, high blood pressure, unsafe abortion and obstructed labor.
Introduction maternal mortality, also known as maternal death, continues to be the major cause of death among women of reproductive age in many countries and remains a serious public health issue especially in developing countries who, 2007. Infant mortality, or the death of a child within the first year of life, is a sentinel measure of population health that reflects the underlying wellbeing of mothers and families, as well as the broader community and social environment that cultivate health and access to healthpromoting resources. Human rights dimensions of preventable maternal mortality and morbidity and existing international legal framework 844 3 a. The top leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity include hemorrhage, infection, high blood pressure, unsafe abortion and obstructed labor. Trends in maternal mortality were estimated either directly from vital registration data or from a hierarchical or multilevel model, depending on the data available for a particular country. Maternal mortality rates increased significantly from 4. Selected fulltext books and articles the changing sex differential in mortality by robert d. We derived estimates of maternal mortality for 172 countries over the period 19902008. An autopsy study of maternal mortality in mozambique. Sep 04, 2019 maternal mortality or pregnancyrelated death is defined as the death of a woman during pregnancy or within one year of the end of pregnancy from a pregnancy complication.
Maternal mortality in the united states has declined. Maternal mortality rate is the number of resident maternal deaths within 42 days. For most of our history, pregnancy and childbirth were dangerous for both baby and mother. Strategies toward ending preventable maternal mortality. The consequences of maternal morbidity and maternal mortality assesses the scientific knowledge about the consequences of maternal morbidity and mortality and discusses key findings from recent research. Maternal mortality ratio mmr ratio of the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same timeperiod. Maternal mortality rate by geographic region, united states, 20032007. Maternal mortality estimations per 100 000 live births have declined over the period 2000 to 2015, from 33 to 16, and a wider gap has been identified between countries 7. For example, civil registration, which includes reporting on cause of death, identifies maternal deaths. The maternal mortality indicators presented in this report, including maternal mortality rates, ratios and lifetime risk of maternal death, show implausible increases. Death due to pregnancyrelated causes is known as maternal mortality or maternal death.
Maternal health whoeurope world health organization. Proportion maternal of deaths of women of reproductive age. Ten persons in a town of a hundred people currently have the plague. The 100fold decline of maternal mortality is due to the modern scientific understanding of the cause of maternal mortality and the adoption of practices which appear surprisingly simple in hindsight. Infant mortality, child health usa 2014 maternal and child. The death of a woman during pregnancy, at delivery, or soon after delivery is a tragedy for her family and for society as a whole. Maternal health infectious diseases overview briefer. The countries that achieved the lowest maternal mortality ratio are finland, greece, iceland, and poland. Skip directly to site content skip directly to page options skip directly to az link. If you encounter any problems with completing this form, please contact the qmpqc secretariat 07 36466880 definition a maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of. More chances of women having a normal deliveryhowever d. An introduction to maternal mortality name institution affiliation course date of submission question 1 yes, the article is informative since it has outlined the issues that are associated with maternal mortality more specifically in developing nations. A reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio.
Most maternal and neonatal deaths can be averted through proven interventions including adequate nutrition, improved hygiene practices, antenatal care, skilled health workers. Who guidance for measuring maternal mortality from a census. Maternal mortality centers for disease control and. Causes of maternal mortality include postpartum hemorrhage, eclampsia, obstructed. Maternal mortality introduction definition determinants prevention 2. Maternal health refers to the health of women before and during pregnancy. Requires clear definition of severe maternal morbidity, selection criteria are. One, the national center for health statistics nchs, uses death certificate information to. Some facts 85 % women will deliver normally 1015 % women will develop complications 35 % women will need surgical interventions bloodcesarean etc. Maternal mortality surveillance is needed to identify and address the factors contributing to poor pregnancy outcomes for women. Initially updates every 5 year since 1990 by who, unicef, unfpa the world bank joined in 2005. It depicts the risk of maternal death relative to the number of live births and essentially captures the risk of death in a single pregnancy or a single live birth.
Global maternal mortality rate the pregnancy related mortality and morbidity ratio is an estimate of the number of pregnancyrelated deaths and complications for every 100,000 live births. The accompanying report form or a substitute format available in your location should be completed electronically for each. The maternal mortality ratio mmr is defined as the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time period. Draft standards were developed by who technical staff in the making pregnancy safer. Definition of maternal mortality in the dictionary. Most of these deaths occurred in low and middleincome countries lmics.
Introduction progress in the reduction of maternal mortality a key millennium development goal has been slow in most countries that have high maternal mortality ratios, and solutions to this global problem are urgently needed 1. One person in a town of a hundred people died from a plague. An introduction to maternal mortality, article writing example. List of books and articles about maternal mortality online.
From 2000 to 2017, the global maternal mortality ratio declined by 38 per cent. The state of the worlds children 2009 focuses on maternal and neonatal health and identifies the interventions and actions that must be scaled up to save lives. There are two other measures that will often be encountered. Institutional information concepts and definitions united nations. The maternal mortality ratio mmr is defined as the number of maternal deaths. Because maternal mortality is a relatively rare event, large sample sizes are. Subsaharan africa had the highest maternal mortality ratio mmr in 2015, an estimated 546 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
Although the existing research on this topic is scarce, the report drew on similar literature on the consequences of adult disease and death. The pmdf is mdfdra, where fdra is the number of deaths of women of reproductive age. For example, many of the roma in eastern europe are unemployed or do not have a regular. This observational study analyzed vital statistics maternal mortality data from all u. Maternal mortality definition of maternal mortality by.